This paper systematically reviews literature on meetings of the principal or principal meetings from 1970 to 2021. Even though meetings comprise the largest percentage of principal time, they have been overlooked as a topic of research. The purpose of this review is to study notations of meetings in academic literature and develop analytical…

This article systematically reviews the literature noting unplanned meetings of the principal or unplanned principal meetings (UPMs) from 1970 to 2022. UPMs are understudied though they are considered essential for communication and/or labeled as distractions. The purpose of this review is to examine notations of UPMs in academic literature to…

The purpose of this action research study was to examine and improve school principals' time management to increase opportunities for instructional leadership. The only constant of a principal's day is the consistent need to prioritize various expected and unexpected demands and expectations that exist on a daily basis. This study investigated the…

Purpose: We describe urban school principals' time use, including their time allocation across work tasks and locations, and how time use varies by school context. Research Method: Trained observers recorded leaders' time use in five-minute increments over full school days in four urban school districts. The full sample included approximately 650…

When it comes to generating better practices, feedback--a fair representation of professional performance--plays a crucial role due to its transformational power of enhancing skills, which helps ensure high-quality teaching in the classroom. However, principals' lack of time, lack of knowledge of curriculum content, and lack of training are the…

Principal self-efficacy is crucial to educational leadership, especially in instructional and operational areas, as found in this study. The study examines how principals maintain self-efficacy despite their many responsibilities, drawing on Bandura and Schunk's (1981) research on human behavior and belief and perception. Bandura and Adams (1977)…

The importance of dedicating time for teacher's professional learning is known, but dedicating adequate time for principals' learning and development is often neglected. The author recommends that superintendents take the following steps to guide their efforts to support principals' learning: (1) get to know principals as individual learners, (2)…

This study explored the experience of Catholic school principals in Ohio whose schools have participated in the EdChoice Scholarship program. The researcher employed the lens of principal time usage to examine the experiences of Ohio Catholic school principals with EdChoice, with a focus on the direct experiences of principals participating in the…

Background: School principals usually have to sacrifice health and family obligations to obtain sufficient work time. This study investigates school principals' somatic and psychological discomfort related to their time allocation to diverse work contexts and life domains, so as to test the optimal allocation of time to each context and domain.…

The ever-changing role of public-school principals is complex and overwhelming. Because instructional leadership impacts teaching practices and student achievement, this important principal role should be cultivated with principals having sufficient time to engage as instructional leaders. A generic qualitative inquiry methodology was used to…

Adequate resources are essential for professional learning to achieve desired outcomes for educators and students. Time is one of the most valuable resources for learning, but it is also one of the greatest resource challenges for education leaders, especially in the U.S. In the recent book "The Learning Principal," authors Kay Psencik,…

Principals can improve their teachers' classroom practice, either directly or indirectly by arranging resources, to support improvement. However, there is limited information about how principals spend their time. This Snapshot provides a look at how a large group of principals spent their workweek, including on instructional support and other…

Purpose: To advance the study of principal time use (PTU), the purpose of this study is to report findings from a systematic review of PTU research. In addition to identifying common findings, this study also examined the supporting evidence and methodologies of PTU studies. From this dual approach, this study specified the evidence that supports…

A concerning attribute of teacher evaluations across countries is the systemic leniency of principals during classroom observations. However, little is known about the motivations behind this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to explore the motivating factors behind principals' leniency in an authentic teacher evaluation system. In this…

Temporality and in particular principals' time use is attracting increasing scholarly attention in educational administration and leadership research. There is a long history of studies looking at how principals spend or allocate their time. This paper draws on initial data from the Principals' Experiencing Time (PET) project which focuses on how…