Two studies involving three adolescents with severe emotional disturbance/behavior disorders and learning difficulties examined effects of problem difficulty and reinforcer quality upon time allocated to two sets of arithmetic problems. Results have implications for understanding the effects of problem difficulty and reinforcer quality on behavior…

The major purposes of this study were to determine how individual third graders use and understand school time, to ascertain what relationships exist between their use and perception of school time, and to generate conclusions about third graders' use and understanding of school time that would be relevant for educational administrators and…

This observational study analyzed effects of instructional variables on the engaged behavior of 29 students with moderate, severe, or profound intellectual disabilities who were included full-time in general elementary classrooms. Results indicated that one-to-one, small group, and independent work arrangements were associated with higher engaged…