This study reviews existing research on the use of large language models (LLMs) for automatic item generation (AIG). We performed a comprehensive literature search across seven research databases, selected studies based on predefined criteria, and summarized 60 relevant studies that employed LLMs in the AIG process. We identified the most commonly…

This technical manual describes the purpose and intended uses of the TOEFL iBT test, its target test-taker population, and relevant language use domains. The test design and scoring procedures are presented first, followed by a research agenda intended to support the interpretation and use of test scores. Given the updates to the test starting…

Stress is a complex construct that is related to resilience and general health starting in childhood. Despite its importance for student health and well-being, there are few measures of stress designed for school-based applications. In this study, we developed and initially validated a Stress Indicators Scale using five samples of teachers,…

This study aimed to develop a standardised instrument for diagnosing science misconceptions in primary school children. Following a developmental research approach using the 4-D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), 100 four-tier multiple choice items were constructed. Content validity was established through expert evaluation by six…

Combining methods from earlier content validity and more contemporary content alignment studies may allow a more complete evaluation of the meaning of test scores than if either set of methods is used on its own. This article distinguishes item relevance indices in the content validity literature from test representativeness indices in the…

The growing diversity among test takers in second or foreign language (L2) assessments makes the importance of fairness front and center. This systematic review aimed to examine how fairness in L2 assessments was evaluated through differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. A total of 83 articles from 27 journals were included in a systematic…

When describing motion in physics, the selection of a frame of reference is crucial. The graph of a moving object can look quite different based on the frame of reference. In recent years, various tests have been developed to assess the interpretation of kinematic graphs, but none of these tests have specifically addressed differences in reference…

Systems thinking (ST) is an essential competence for future life and biology learning. Appropriate assessment is critical for collecting sufficient information to develop ST in biology education. This research offers an ST framework based on a comprehensive understanding of biological systems, encompassing four skills across three complexity…

Competence-based test development (CbTD) is a novel method for constructing tests that are as informative as possible about the competence state (the set of skills an individual masters) underlying the item responses. If desired, the tests can also be minimal, meaning that no item can be eliminated without reducing their informativeness. To…

Many undergraduate chemistry students hold alternate conceptions related to resonance--an important and fundamental topic of organic chemistry. To help address these alternate conceptions, an organic chemistry instructor could administer the resonance concept inventory (RCI), which is a multiple-choice assessment that was designed to identify…

This study aimed to develop and validate the Creative Problem-Solving Skills Test (CPSS-T), grounded in Torrance's creativity theory, to assess these skills in university students. The CPSS-T consists of five open-ended question types, each designed to measure different aspects of creative problem-solving: Alternative Use, Hypothetical Scenario,…

Language assessment is increasingly computermediated. This development presents opportunities with new task formats and equally a need for renewed scrutiny of established conventions. Recent recommendations to increase integrated skills assessment in lecture comprehension tests is premised on empirical research that demonstrates enhanced construct…

The introduction of computing education into curricula worldwide requires multi-year assessments to evaluate the long-term impact on learning. However, no single Computational Thinking (CT) assessment spans primary school, and no group of CT assessments provides a means of transitioning between instruments. This study therefore investigated…

Academic and occupational success requires social intelligence, the ability to comprehend, and manage interpersonal connections. This research aims to assess and improve the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS) for Peruvian university students, focusing on cultural adaptability, reliability, and validity. Participants included 973 university…

This study aimed to develop a test to measure university students' spatial thinking skills. The research was conducted using a survey design, with a sample of 260 undergraduate students from geography teaching and geography departments. GIS software was used to incorporate maps and satellite images, enhancing the spatial representation in the…