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Direct linkEmily Di Zhang; Shulin Yu – Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2025
In this digital age, digital multimodal composing (DMC) has permeated the L2 classroom as a technology-enhanced L2 writing task. Despite the learning potential of DMC for L2 students, instruments that measure L2 students' DMC competence are rare. As such, the present study sought to develop and validate an L2 student DMC competence scale in the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Construct Validity, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language)
Download full textMurphy, Christine A.; And Others – 1988
A 32-item Computer Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE) was developed to measure perceptions of capability regarding specific computer-related knowledge and skills. Bandura's theory of self-efficacy (1986) and Schunk's model of classroom learning (1985) guided the development of the CSE. Each of the skill-related items is preceded by the phrase "I feel…
Descriptors: Adult Vocational Education, Computer Literacy, Construct Validity, Graduate Students
