Over the decades, counselors have been asked to provide culturally appropriate services to clients and make social justice efforts (American Counseling Association, 2014; Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue et al., 1982). School counselors have also been encouraged to act as social justice leaders who advocate for systemic changes in schools (Curry &…

Purpose: This study reports on the development, validation and measurement invariance of the Multicultural Competency Scale (MCS) for pre-service teachers. Research Methods: Data from 640 pre-service teachers were collected for two studies. After data screening procedures 628 responses were left. The data were divided into two sets for exploratory…

The absence of empirical research on strategies for addressing multicultural resistance is due, in part, to the lack of available measures of the construct. The purpose of this study was to redefine multicultural resistance by utilizing Brehm's theory of psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966; Brehm & Brehm, 1981) to develop a reliable and valid…