This paper examines one of three central diagnostic tools of the Concerns Based Adoption Model, the Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoCQ). The SoCQ was developed with a focus on K12 education. It has been used widely since developed in 1973, in early childhood, higher education, medical, business, community, and military settings. The SoCQ…

A psychological framework for different types of items commonly used with mixed-format exams is proposed. A choice model based on signal detection theory (SDT) is used for multiple-choice (MC) items, whereas an item response theory (IRT) model is used for open-ended (OE) items. The SDT and IRT models are shown to share a common conceptualization…

It is common to find mixed-format data results from the use of both multiple-choice (MC) and constructed-response (CR) questions on assessments. Dealing with these mixed response types involves understanding what the assessment is measuring, and the use of suitable measurement models to estimate latent abilities. Past research in educational…

Response styles pose great threats to psychological measurements. This research compares IRTree models and anchoring vignettes in addressing response styles and estimating the target traits. It also explores the potential of combining them at the item level and total-score level (ratios of extreme and middle responses to vignettes). Four models…

Online learning has grown due to the advancement of technology and flexibility. Online examinations measure students' knowledge and skills. Traditional question papers include inconsistent difficulty levels, arbitrary question allocations, and poor grading. The suggested model calibrates question paper difficulty based on student performance to…

In an educational setting, an estimate of the difficulty of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs), a commonly used strategy to assess learning progress, constitutes very useful information for both teachers and students. Since human assessment is costly from multiple points of view, automatic approaches to MCQ item difficulty estimation are…

Large scale international assessments depend on invariance of measurement across countries. An important consideration when observing cross-national differential item functioning (DIF) is whether the DIF actually reflects a source of bias, or might instead be a methodological artifact reflecting item response theory (IRT) model misspecification.…

Traditional approaches to the modeling of multiple-choice item response data (e.g., 3PL, 4PL models) emphasize slips and guesses as random events. In this paper, an item response model is presented that characterizes both disjunctively interacting guessing and conjunctively interacting slipping processes as proficiency-related phenomena. We show…

Extreme response style (ERS), the tendency of participants to select extreme item categories regardless of the item content, has frequently been found to decrease the validity of Likert-type questionnaire results. For this reason, various item response theory (IRT) models have been proposed to model ERS and correct for it. Comparisons of these…

Many international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) have switched to multistage adaptive testing (MST) designs to improve measurement efficiency in measuring the skills of the heterogeneous populations around the world. In this context, previous literature has reported the acceptable level of model parameter recovery under the MST designs when the…

This study conducted a comprehensive comparison of Item Response Theory (IRT) linking methods applied to a bifactor model, examining their performance on both multiple choice (MC) and mixed format tests within the common item nonequivalent group design framework. Four distinct multidimensional IRT linking approaches were explored, consisting of…

The assessment of model fit in latent trait modeling is an integral part of correctly applying the model. Still the assessment of model fit has been less utilized for ideal point models such as the Generalized Graded Unfolding Models (GGUM). The current study assesses the performance of the relative fit indices "AIC" and "BIC,"…

Background/purpose: This study aimed to reveal the accuracy of estimation of multiple-choice test items parameters following the models of the item-response theory in measurement. Materials/methods: The researchers depended on the measurement accuracy indicators, which express the absolute difference between the estimated and actual values of the…

Multiple choice questions are traditionally expensive to produce. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to fine-tuned LLMs that generate questions competitive with human-authored questions. However, the relative capabilities of ChatGPT-family models have not yet been established for this task. We present a carefully-controlled…

This paper presents the item and test information functions of the Rank two-parameter logistic models (Rank-2PLM) for items with two (pair) and three (triplet) statements in forced-choice questionnaires. The Rank-2PLM model for pairs is the MUPP-2PLM (Multi-Unidimensional Pairwise Preference) and, for triplets, is the Triplet-2PLM. Fisher's…