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Su, Yu-Lan – ProQuest LLC, 2013
This dissertation proposes two modified cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs), the deterministic, inputs, noisy, "and" gate with hierarchy (DINA-H) model and the deterministic, inputs, noisy, "or" gate with hierarchy (DINO-H) model. Both models incorporate the hierarchical structures of the cognitive skills in the model estimation…
Descriptors: Models, Diagnostic Tests, Cognitive Processes, Thinking Skills
Henning, Grant – 1991
Criticisms of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) have included speculation that the listening test places too much burden on short-term memory as compared with comprehension, that a knowledge of reading is required to respond successfully, and that many items appear to require mere recall and matching rather than higher-order…
Descriptors: Adults, Auditory Stimuli, Cognitive Processes, Educational Assessment