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Direct linkPeter A. Edelsbrunner; Bianca A. Simonsmeier; Michael Schneider – Educational Psychology Review, 2025
Knowledge is an important predictor and outcome of learning and development. Its measurement is challenged by the fact that knowledge can be integrated and homogeneous, or fragmented and heterogeneous, which can change through learning. These characteristics of knowledge are at odds with current standards for test development, demanding a high…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Predictor Variables, Learning Processes, Knowledge Level
Peer reviewedKnowles, Susan L.; Welch, Cynthia A. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1992
A meta-analysis of the difficulty and discrimination of the "none-of-the-above" (NOTA) test option was conducted with 12 articles (20 effect sizes) for difficulty and 7 studies (11 effect sizes) for discrimination. Findings indicate that using the NOTA option does not result in items of lesser quality. (SLD)
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Effect Size, Meta Analysis, Multiple Choice Tests
