Background: Today, methods that enable students to benefit from online programs to the fullest and learn independently and self-directed are of critical importance. Many scales have been developed to measure self-directed learning in the physical classroom. This study was conducted to design and assess the psychometric properties of an instrument…

Student engagement is a critical component of e-learning, which became an important focus for most academic institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. University students' engagement is measured using various scales with different subscales. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the University Student…

Teacher agency is a pivotal element of professionalism and second/foreign language (L2) education. However, its role in L2 assessment has remained under-researched. Part of this negligence is due to the absence of a validated questionnaire to measure the construct and its underlying components. To address this gap, drawing on the ecological…

Intercultural communication research has highlighted the significance of intercultural communication apprehension/anxiety measurement and instrument development in diverse sociocultural contexts. This study embarked on developing and validating a scale, the Perceived Intercultural Communication Anxiety/Apprehension Scale (PICAS) in the English as…

As testing involves various aspects of education as well as the ones who are involved like instructors, students, managers, teacher trainers, testers, and decision-makers, it comes to be highly crucial to develop ethical tests. In addition, as some methods of testing are more favored and practiced compared to others without considering the ethical…

This study aimed to propose a new method for scoring C-Tests as measures of general language proficiency. In this approach, the unit of analysis is sentences rather than gaps or passages. That is, the gaps correctly reformulated in each sentence were aggregated as sentence score, and then each sentence was entered into the analysis as a polytomous…

The idea of sources other than the test-takers' knowledge leading to different results on high-stakes tests was the motif based on which the present investigation was initiated on the probable sources of unreliability of a test. For this purpose, the researchers went through a thorough literature review with the aim to identify the issues to be…

In the present study, a MALL TPACK questionnaire was developed and validated based on a TPACK framework. Data were collected from 414 EFL teachers. The development of the questionnaire involved a comprehensive review of existing literature, examination of existing questionnaires, and interviews with experts. This process resulted in an initial…

The Online Interaction Learning Model was founded on constructivist learning theory. It is an input-process-output model based on moderating variables, the inputs, which includes all of the characteristics of the courses, the instructors, EFL learners, and the technology. Due to the fact that the studies considering the pivotal role of the Online…

Given the significance of boredom and its detrimental effects on the English as a foreign language (EFL) students' academic achievements, this study utilised an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to initially explore the boredom factors in EFL classes among a sample of 139 university students and then develop and validate the Precursors…

Fieldwork education is an integral part of the educational process in occupational therapy and assessing student competency at the end of fieldwork is important. The aim of this study was to design and conduct an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) based on the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) for occupational therapy…

The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a scale to assess the inhibitors to reflective writing of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. The other aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. To prepare the first item pool of the questionnaire, the researchers reviewed the previous…

During the last few decades, motivation to learn English has become an interesting research area. However, the studies on EFL teachers' motivations for choosing teaching as their career, to the present date, are scanty. The present study was an attempt to construct and validate a teaching motivation scale for EFL teachers. In the qualitative…

The purpose of this study was to design a comprehensive and native scale, and to investigate the validity and reliability of teachers' academic emotions scale including anxiety, happiness, anger, pride, hope and despair, exhaustion, shame and guilt through a nine-factors TAE model (second order hierarchy) and a two-factors TAE model (third-order…

The present study reports the process of developing and validating a self-report questionnaire that can be employed to examine technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) perceptions of Iranian EFL teachers. To conduct the study, a survey instrument consisting of items adapted from two existing TPACK-based survey instruments was generated.…