Background: Technology-enhanced classrooms now integrate a range of educational apps designed to improve student outcomes. The effectiveness of these applications is influenced by multiple factors related to the courses and the applications themselves. A critical factor is student engagement, which involves interacting with the course content…

Students struggle to acquire the needed energy understanding to meaningfully participate in the energy discourse about socially relevant topics, such as energy transformation or climate change. Identifying students on differing learning trajectories, as well as differences in knowledge used, is essential to help students achieve the needed energy…