Research into the reading process has shaped an understanding of how readers "make meaning" when they are engaged in a reading activity. This research has highlighted a learning triad--the reader, the text, and the context (or learning environment)--that interactively affects the manner in which the student will comprehend a particular…

Ways in which the emerging field of cognitive science can have a major impact on practical education are demonstrated by an overview of two projects: the work on Socratic tutoring by Collins and Stevens, and the diagnosing students' misconceptions in arithmetic by Brown and Burton. These two projects are cited as examples of how the techniques of…

Students learn, understand, and retain knowledge best when they discover it themselves. In the area of semantics, the study of how meaning is conveyed through language, explicit knowledge may appear to be obvious once it becomes conscious, but unless people are explicitly aware of their implicit knowledge and assumptions, they may be at their…

This paper examines educators' interest in fostering critical thinking behaviors in relation to other "process education" concerns. It presents a definition of critical thinking and then uses that definition to classify and evaluate the literature on critical thinking, logical thinking, and reasoning. The paper examines essays, research studies,…

This study investigated whether recall of expository information by a learner will be affected by the mode or combination of modes through which the information is presented. Subjects, 359 fifth-grade students, were randomly stratified into four treatment groups on the basis of sex and reading ability. Treatment for each of the groups was as…

Mathematics teaching is most effective when practice situations cover appropriate material, require constant thought, are transferable to new situations, make sense to the student, and are subject to analysis of components. Teachers must carefully seek the real source of errors and insure that students are as concerned with processes as with…

Over the years, teacher questions have consistently aimed at literal comprehension, indicating that teachers lack understanding of the reading-thinking-questioning hierarchy. Benjamin Bloom's "Cognitive Taxonomy" can serve as a hierarchical framework for the design of questions. Within this framework, a teacher can confront decision…

The concept of an algorithm derives from the physical sciences, but it has often been misunderstood and misapplied in the social sciences and in education. The theoretical and practical significance of algorithms stems from their applicability to problems of learning, instruction, and instructional design, and they may potentially provide the…

Included in the training kit for teachers in the area of learning disabilities are materials developed by Project Lighthouse for experimental field usage to test the materials. The problem of educating children with learning disabilities is summarized, as is Piaget's model of logical activity. The major divisions of the text then deal with the…

THE EFFECTS OF TWO TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING CHILDREN'S LITERATURE TO SAMPLES OF FIRST-GRADE CHILDREN WERE INVESTIGATED. THE EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT WAS BASED ON LAWRENCE KUBIE'S MODEL OF THE CREATIVE PROCESS. THE CONTROL GROUP RECEIVED THE CONVENTIONAL PRESENTATION OF CHILDREN'S LITERATURE WITHOUT KUBIE'S EMPHASIS ON METAPHORICAL AND PRECONSCIOUS…

The case for integrating the problem-solving approach to learning with traditional explanatory and demonstrative approaches, but not replacing them, when teaching biology is presented. (ND)

Young children's thinking is subject to constraints which interfere with instruction, and a developmental approach may be useful in minimizing the detrimental effects of these constraints. The approach is particularly beneficial to handicapped children, those who require remedial work, and adults with inadequate working memory for the specific…

Explains why the frequently taught study skill method SQ3R--survey, question, read, recite, review--works is based on an information processing theory of learning. (MKM)

Describes a procedure for helping students understand and work mathematical word problems. (MKM)

This article deals with the role of basic concepts in economic education and suggests instructional procedures which aid in the attainment of these concepts. (Editor)