This study investigated the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality (VR) intervention with integrated Electroencephalography (EEG) biofeedback (VR-EEG) in enhancing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner proficiency compared to a traditional classroom setting. Learners (N = 60) were randomly assigned to either the VR-EEG group or the traditional…

Delivering a presentation has been found to be one of the most anxiety-inducing tasks faced by English language learners (ELLs). Researchers suggest that instructors should be more aware of the emotional state of ELLs to provide the appropriate level of emotional and instructional scaffolding support needed to improve presentation performance.…

Previous studies posited the effectiveness of stimulated recall. However, few studies explored how SR is implemented in a relatively static context, for example, online self-directed learning, or took human factors, for example, cognitive style and gender, into consideration in such a context. To fill this gap, the current study, aims to introduce…