Choosing mental, written, or calculator procedures is important for children to learn. Children should be encouraged to be flexible and consider alternatives when doing mental calculation. Developing mental skills, symbols and rules, and numbers in context are each considered. (MNS)

Support of the need for more emphasis on mental arithmetic in the classroom is given. Classroom methods and activities for developing skill in mental arithmetic are included. (MN)

Indicates that there has been a lot of work done and that a great deal needs to be done in the future to explore the world of children's early number. Discusses the counting, the use of algorithm, practical mathematics, the use of manipulatives, individual differences and pedagogical concerns, and classroom applications. Contains 18 references.…

Several activities are suggested in which children practice computation as a purposeful part of that activity. (DT)

Compares the approaches to teaching division in Britain and in Holland where different emphasis is placed on the development of mental and written methods. Describes how it is common for pupils in Britain to work from an early stage with pencil and paper rather than mentally whereas early emphasis is placed on mental strategies in Holland. (ASK)

A model is offered which can be used for teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with directed numbers. Illustrations for all operations are given. (MNS)

An exploration approach with calculators that promotes student investigation and development of mathematical processes and concepts is highlighted. The presentation helps to highlight the enormous potential of calculators to facilitate new and imaginative approaches to certain areas of number work, and shows how student interest is promoted. (MP)

It is suggested that the reasons for teaching the standard written algorithms for calculations are not out of date. Alternative algorithms, such as mental algorithms, calculators, and nonstandard written methods, are discussed. (MP)

The Cockcroft Report on English Schools recommends that all schools design their syllabuses and examinations on the assumption that all students will have access to calculators. How to use calculators sensibly to improve what is taught and how curriculum content may change are discussed. (MNS)

Suggestions are made for helping children correct and analyze their own work so they may learn from their own mistakes. (MP)