Results show that teacher techniques of maintaining appropriate lesson continuity vary between reading-demonstration formats and individual-construction formats. (Author)

Aims to optimize computer-based learning environment designed to teach how to solve word problems by incorporating an animated pedagogical agent. The agent delivered instructional explanations either textually or aurally, while simultaneously using gaze and gesture to direct focus of attention. Results indicated an animated agent programmed to…

Examined multiple modalities of nonspoken forms of representation-specifically gestures, pictures, objects, and writing-used by three teachers in three years of first grade math lessons. Students must attend to visual as well as vocal means of expressing information to gain access to all information presented in mathematics lessons. (BF)