Considers how metaphor's central position in the structure of language, its contribution to concept development, and its cognitive functions endow it with properties uniquely combined to assist in the learning of grammar and vocabulary. Frames of reference based on metaphor are well placed to simplify instruction and encourage learner…

Shows that intermediate learners of German whose first language is English experience more semantic difficulties when reading an English text and more syntactic difficulties when reading a German version of the same text. A stronger emphasis on syntactic features, such as word category, agreement relationships, tensing, and word placement in the…