Observation of two third-grade teachers during the opening days of school revealed different approaches to organizing their classes and instructing pupils on correct classroom behavior. The results of observation are given in narrative form and analyzed. Five principles that characterized the most effective teacher are presented: (1) The teacher…

This report summarizes and discusses findings about classroom management from two studies, the Junior High Management Improvement Study (JMIS) and the earlier Junior High Classroom Organization Study (JHCOS). These two studies involved long-term observation in more than 160 classes in a variety of subject areas. Results of the two studies are…

Classroom observation of 28 third-grade teachers illustrated the management and planning strategies that differentiate effective teachers from less effective teachers. Effective managers communicated a workable system of rules and procedures, monitored students carefully, and were consistent in treating inappropriate behavior. Less effective…

To be a competent teacher, the school environment must be organized to preserve a system of student behavior and group functioning which allows the teacher to select the activities in which the group will engage. This is often called "maintaining control" by teachers. Means of organizing the school context to affect student behavior are…

APPLE is a naturalistic observation system that can describe pupil and teacher behaviors and identify those behaviors that are significantly related to learning for a particular grade or instructional area. (MM)

Because the first days of school are considered crucial to the establishment of a well-run classroom, this study observed 28 third-grade classes during the beginning of a term, identifying successful teacher behaviors in making introductions, presenting rules and procedures, monitoring the classroom, and analyzing and regulating student behavior.…

Data from 12 2-hour observations of 41 elementary school classroom teachers were used to investigate classroom management problems associated with the use of small group instruction. Student engagement during small group instruction was compared with that in whole class instruction, seatwork, and transitions. Classroom narratives of subsamples of…

In this collection of annotated references on the subject of classroom management, preference was given to primary research studies or articles about such research, and, with the exception of a few fundamental articles, is limited to studies published in the last decade. Classroom management is defined as the maintenance of on-task behavior or the…

A positive, preventive approach to discipline in the classroom is emphasized in this handbook of practical ideas for class management. Suggestions are made on the following topics: (1) handling the first day of school; (2) the physical environment of the classroom; (3) management routines; (4) teaching techniques; (5) motivating students; (6)…

Classroom management and effective discipline are skills that all beginning teachers must learn. Classroom management refers to those procedures or routines a teacher uses to maintain a smoothly running classroom; discipline refers to those techniques or strategies a teacher uses to respond to specific acts of student misbehavior. This booklet,…

Classroom management is conceptualized as a set of teacher behaviors and activities that are directed at eliciting study involvement or engagement in classroom activities and preventing disruption. Research on classroom management and discipline is reviewed and integrated into a three phase model. The first phase occurs prior to the beginning of…

A design for analyzing the narrative records obtained in four studies examined the character of classroom activities and how they are managed by teachers. Focus was on controlling classroom behaviors, classroom rules, handling of disruptive or inappropriate behavior, instructional leadership, classroom organization, and student engagement.…

This manual was built around eleven "prescriptions" for the successful management of the elementary school classroom. Each section is prefaced by an advisory statement: (1) "readying the classroom"--classroom space and materials should be ready for the beginning of the school year; (2) "planning rules and…

This report describes a study designed to discover the nature of teacher-student interactions in regular-size classes with 25 or more students and small-size classes with fewer than 18 students. Eleven public-school primary classrooms were observed, and the interactions between the teachers and students were studied. Verbal and nonverbal…

An overview of research on elementary secondary classroom teaching presents a synthesis of findings from large-scale, classroom-based studies on teacher effectiveness. Three sets of major research efforts, dealing with classroom management and organization, systematic instruction, and effective instruction, were selected for review. Certain…