From his own teaching experience, the author presents his views on the essentials of effective writing instruction: diagnostic testing, student grouping, meaningful assignments, and the teacher as model. He also presents some of his techniques for teaching observational skills, exactness, and logical sequence. (SJL)

APPLE is a naturalistic observation system that can describe pupil and teacher behaviors and identify those behaviors that are significantly related to learning for a particular grade or instructional area. (MM)

Considerable research has been done relating measures of teacher personality or attitudes to classroom behaviors, pupil achievement, and pupil attitudes. The major purpose of these studies has been to identify patterns of classroom behaviors, attitudes, concerns, and conceptual processes which characterize teachers. Fifty-one junior high teachers…

The findings of eight reviews of process-product studies are synthesized. Results are organized under the main headings of time, instructional organization, monitoring, management, instruction, and environment. The paper begins with a brief history of research on teacher effectiveness, a description of the process-product paradigm, and a…