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Son, Gaeun; Oh, Byung-Il; Kang, Min-Suk; Chong, Sang Chul – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
We investigated whether clustering based on feature similarity improves the representational quality of visual working memory (VWM). We hypothesized that similar items are organized into clusters, and their recall precision increases with fewer clusters because of reduced memory load. In a series of 6 experiments, participants remembered…
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Short Term Memory, Recall (Psychology), Cognitive Ability
Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time
Chen, Jinglu; Tan, Ling; Liu, Lu; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Reaction Time, Prediction, Color
Bradford, Elisabeth E. F.; Brunsdon, Victoria E. A.; Ferguson, Heather J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Perspective-taking plays an important role in daily life, allowing consideration of other people's perspectives and viewpoints. This study used a large sample of 265 community-based participants (aged 20-86 years) to examine changes in perspective-taking abilities--a component of "Theory of Mind"--across adulthood, and how these changes…
Descriptors: Perspective Taking, Eye Movements, Error Patterns, Older Adults
Shao, Zeshu; van Paridon, Jeroen; Poletiek, Fenna; Meyer, Antje S. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
There is mounting evidence that the ease of producing and understanding language depends not only on the frequencies of individual words but also on the frequencies of word combinations. However, in two picture description experiments, Janssen and Barber (2012) found that French and Spanish speakers' speech onset latencies for short phrases…
Descriptors: Phrase Structure, Nouns, Word Frequency, Indo European Languages
Tang, Ping; Yuen, Ivan; Demuth, Katherine; Rattanasone, Nan Xu – Developmental Psychology, 2023
Contrastive focus, conveyed by prosodic cues, marks important information. Studies have shown that 6-year-olds learning English and Japanese can use contrastive focus during online sentence comprehension: focus used in a "contrastive context" facilitates the identification of a target referent (speeding up processing), whereas focus used…
Descriptors: Mandarin Chinese, Suprasegmentals, Intonation, Prediction
Lin, Olivia Y.-H.; MacLeod, Colin M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Three experiments investigated the learning of simple associations in a color-word contingency task. Participants responded manually to the print colors of 3 words, with each word associated strongly to 1 of the 3 colors and weakly to the other 2 colors. Despite the words being irrelevant, response times to high-contingency stimuli and to…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Learning Processes, Contingency Management, Color
Spinelli, Giacomo; Goldsmith, Samantha F.; Lupker, Stephen J.; Morton, J. Bruce – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
According to some accounts, the bilingual advantage is most pronounced in the domain of executive attention rather than inhibition and should therefore be more easily detected in conflict adaptation paradigms than in simple interference paradigms. We tested this idea using two conflict adaptation paradigms, one that elicits a list-wide…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Executive Function, Attention Control, Interference (Language)
Devine, Bailey; Carp, Charlotte L.; Hiett, Kiley A.; Petursdottir, Anna Ingeborg – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2016
Effective intraverbal responding often requires control by multiple elements of a verbal stimulus. The purpose of this study was to examine the emergence of such intraverbal relations following tact instruction with compound stimuli and to analyze any resulting error patterns. Participants were seven typically developing children between 3 and…
Descriptors: Verbal Communication, Verbal Stimuli, Teaching Methods, Responses
Reimer, Jason F.; Radvansky, Gabriel A.; Lorsbach, Thomas C.; Armendarez, Joseph J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Recently, a great deal of research has demonstrated that although everyday experience is continuous in nature, it is parsed into separate events. The aim of the present study was to examine whether event structure can influence the effectiveness of cognitive control. Across 5 experiments we varied the structure of events within the AX-CPT by…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Attention Control, Experience, Experiments
Holt, Anna E.; Deák, Gedeon – Journal of Cognition and Development, 2015
In simple rule-switching tests, 3- and 4-year-olds can follow each of two sorting rules but sometimes make perseverative errors when switching. Older children make few errors but respond slowly when switching. These age-related changes might reflect the maturation of executive functions (e.g., inhibition). However, they might also reflect…
Descriptors: Cues, Task Analysis, Executive Function, Control Groups
Anton, Kathryn F.; Gould, Layla; Borowsky, Ron – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Dual route models of reading suggest there are 2 pathways for reading words: an orthographic-lexical pathway, used to read familiar regular words and exception words, and a grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-(GPC)-sublexical pathway, used to read unfamiliar regular words, pseudohomophones (PHs), and nonwords. It is unclear, however, whether PHs…
Descriptors: Intention, Semantics, Phonemes, Interference (Learning)
Marian, Viorica; Blumenfeld, Henrike K.; Mizrahi, Elena; Kania, Ursula; Cordes, Anne-Kristin – International Journal of Multilingualism, 2013
Previous research suggests that multilinguals' languages are constantly co-activated and that experience managing this co-activation changes inhibitory control function. The present study examined language interaction and inhibitory control using a colour-word Stroop task. Multilingual participants were tested in their three most proficient…
Descriptors: Language Processing, Accuracy, Competition, Inhibition
Atalay, Nart Bedin; Misirlisoy, Mine – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2012
The item-specific proportion congruence (ISPC) manipulation (Jacoby, Lindsay, & Hessels, 2003) produces larger Stroop interference for mostly congruent items than mostly incongruent items. This effect has been attributed to dynamic control over word-reading processes. However, proportion congruence of an item in the ISPC manipulation is…
Descriptors: Evidence, Learning Processes, Word Recognition, Reading Processes
Singh, Niharika; Mishra, Ramesh Kumar – Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2012
Though many previous studies have reported enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals, few have investigated if such control is modulated by language proficiency. Here, we examined the inhibitory control of high and low proficient Hindi-English bilinguals on an oculomotor Stroop task. Subjects were asked to make a saccade as fast as possible towards…
Descriptors: Evidence, Indo European Languages, Interference (Learning), Bilingualism
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