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Direct linkRuying Li; Gaofeng Li – International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2025
Systems thinking (ST) is an essential competence for future life and biology learning. Appropriate assessment is critical for collecting sufficient information to develop ST in biology education. This research offers an ST framework based on a comprehensive understanding of biological systems, encompassing four skills across three complexity…
Descriptors: Test Construction, Test Validity, Science Tests, Cognitive Tests
