Online higher education institutions are presented with the concern of how to obtain valid results when administering student learning outcomes (SLO) assessments remotely. Traditionally, there has been a great reliance on unproctored Internet test administration (UIT) due to increased flexibility and reduced costs; however, a number of validity…

According to Bass' (1990) summary of fifty years of research and nearly thirty dichotomy-based theories, leaders influence people through autocratic use of power (task-oriented) or through democratic use of power (people-oriented). Each style produces unique tensions and tradeoffs, but versatile leaders can incorporate strategies from both sides…

The supervisor-doctoral student interpersonal relationship is important for the success of a PhD-project. Therefore, information about doctoral students' perceptions of their relationship with their supervisor can be useful for providing detailed feedback to supervisors aiming at improving the quality of their supervision. This paper describes the…

Conducted a series of studies (N=627) to develop and validate the Supervisory Styles Inventory (SSI), with parallel versions for supervisors and trainees. Four separate analyses consistently revealed three factors among the perceptions of heterogeneous samples of trainees and experienced supervisors, which suggests that supervisory style is…

A survey of 123 rehabilitation counseling students' perceptions of supervisory style and supervisor behaviors during practicum was conducted. Using the Supervisory Style Inventory and the Supervisory Questionnaire-Revised, confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original factor structure of either scale and no consistent relationship…

An instrument was developed to assess the extent to which a supervisor might use a given focus or use a certain style with a counseling trainee. The development of the instrument began with a brainstormed list of items that would represent elements of the discrimination model for supervision proposed by J. M. Bernard (1979). These elements…

Using the constructs of Rogers, Ellis, and Barrett-Lennard, a twenty-five item Likert-type instrument, the Non-Directive Supervisory Behavior Scale, was developed to measure directive vs. non-directive supervisory behavior. One hundred ninety-five in-service teachers, randomly selected from two school districts, completed the twenty-five item…

Studied the construct validity and developmental structure of Hogan's (1964) model of counselor development and supervision using a sample of 141 counseling students and professional staff. Results indicated that counselor development is best described by a complex rather than a simple model and involves factors of anxiety/doubt and independence.…