Haptic paddles--low-cost one-degree-of-freedom force feedback devices--have been used with great success at several universities throughout the US to teach the basic concepts of dynamic systems and physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) to students. The ETHZ haptic paddle was developed for a new pHRI course offered in the undergraduate…

To provide a basis for the conceptual development of audio teleconferencing, key audio teleconferencing and distance education variables extracted from the literature are related into a representative model whose major interdependent components include interaction, technical design, learner characteristics, attitudes, and evaluation, learning…