Background: Past studies on mindsets have mostly examined them as an individual difference variable. However, the mindset-by-context framework argues that mindsets do not occur within a vacuum, and their successful implementation depends on the social context. One of the most important social contexts for students is the socioeconomic conditions…

Creativity is a critical skill for problem-solving and innovation, yet its development is influenced by cultural and educational contexts. This study examines pathways to student creativity using data from 15-year-old students in Australia and Thailand who participated in PISA 2022. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to…