Measurement invariance holds when a latent construct is measured in the same way across different levels of background variables (continuous or categorical) while controlling for the true value of that construct. Using Monte Carlo simulation, this paper compares the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model and MIMIC-interaction to a…

Purpose and Background: Despite the flexibility of multilevel structural equation modeling (MLSEM), a practical limitation many researchers encounter is how to effectively estimate model parameters with typical sample sizes when there are many levels of (potentially disparate) nesting. We develop a method-of-moment corrected maximum likelihood…

We develop a structural after measurement (SAM) method for structural equation models (SEMs) that accommodates missing data. The results show that the proposed SAM missing data estimator outperforms conventional full information (FI) estimators in terms of convergence, bias, and root-mean-square-error in small-to-moderate samples or large samples…