Of critical importance to education policy is monitoring trends in education outcomes over time. In the United States, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has provided long-term trend data since 1970; at the state/jurisdiction level, NAEP has provided long-term trend data since 1996. In addition to the national NAEP, all 50…

Given the questionnaire design and the nature of the problem, partially ordered data that are neither completely ordered nor completely unordered are frequently encountered in social, behavioral, and medical studies. However, early developments in partially ordered data analysis are very limited and restricted only to cross-sectional data. In this…

Immediacy is one of the necessary criteria to show strong evidence of treatment effect in single case experimental designs (SCEDs). With the exception of Natesan and Hedges (2017) no inferential statistical tool has been used to demonstrate or quantify it until now. We investigate and quantify immediacy by treating the change-points between the…

Single-case design is a repeated-measures research approach for the study of the effect of an intervention, and its importance is increasingly being recognized in education and psychology. We propose a Bayesian approach for estimating intervention effects in SCD. A Bayesian inference does not rely on large sample theories and thus is particularly…

Propensity score analysis (PSA) has been used in a variety of settings, such as education, epidemiology, and sociology. Most typically, propensity score analysis has been implemented within the conventional frequentist perspective of statistics. This perspective, as is well known, does not account for uncertainty in either the parameters of the…

Background: In the context of international large scale assessments, it is often not feasible to implement a complete survey of all relevant populations. For example, the OECD Program for International Student Assessment surveys both students and schools, but does not obtain information from teachers. In contrast the OECD Teaching and Learning…