This paper traces the course of the consequences of viewing test responses as simply providing dichotomous data concerning ordinal relations. It begins by proposing that the score matrix is best considered to be items-plus-persons by items-plus-persons, and recording the wrongs as well as the rights. (Author/CTM)

Single administration (beta-binomial) estimates for the raw agreement index p and the corrected-for-chance kappa index in mastery testing are compared with those based on two test administrations in terms of estimation bias and sampling variability. Bias is about 2.5 percent for p and 10 percent for kappa. (Author/RL)

A variety of algorithms for analyzing covariance structures are considered. Additionally, two methods of estimation, maximum likelihood, and weighted least squares are considered. Comparisons are made between these algorithms and factor analysis. (Author/JKS)

Three nonparametric alternatives to the parametric Bartlett test are presented for handling the K-sample equality of variance problem. The two-sample Siegel-Tukey test, Mood test, and Klotz test are extended to the multisample situation by Puri's methods. These K-sample scale tests are illustrated and compared. (Author/GDC)

Hawkin's procedure for testing a sequence of observations for a shift in location could have applicability for assessing change within a single subject. Monte Carlo results suggest that Hawkins' procedure is robust with respect to moderate violations of its underlying assumptions of homogeneity of variance and normality. (Author/GDC)

Contrary to Anderson (EJ 187 936), his rule for equation identification is a necessary but not sufficient condition; furthermore, the choice of two-stage or ordinary least squares depends on results and not on methodological properties of estimators. Modification of Anderson's rule and a means for choosing between estimates is offered. (Author/CP)

Fourteen experimental studies were reviewed using linear model of Berger et al. The model fits the data from these experiments remarkably well. These results demonstrate the utility and apparent validity of this theory of status-organizing processes. (Author/RD)

Techniques for digitalizing analog signal data are presented and compared. The techniques presented are: boxcar averaging, ensemble averaging, unweighted digital filter, weighted digital filter, and analog filter. (BB)

Logistic analysis of black journal articles suggests that black American publications have passed through cycles of intellectual interest." (Author/JM)

Basic philosophical and statistical issues in structural equation modeling (SEM) are reviewed, including model conceptualization, identification, and parameter estimation and data-model-fit assessment and model modification. These issues should be addressed before the researcher uses any of the new generation of SEM software. (SLD)

A model projecting school enrollment by using births lagged an appropriate number of years and a model using lagged births and the previous year's enrollment were applied to two school grade levels and state and county levels in Kentucky. The model using lagged births and earlier figures provided better predictions. (SLD)

Single construct validity is examined, and appropriate statistical tests are described when criterion information is available for: (1) examinees selected at random; (2) examinees selected on the basis of the current test; and (3) examinees selected using other measures of the latent construct. Discriminant validity is also discussed. (SLD)

Some extensions of the partial credit model are presented. A marginal maximum likelihood estimation procedure is developed to allow for incomplete data and linear restrictions on the item and population parameters. Two statistical tests for evaluating model fit are also presented. (SLD)

On the premise that the more formal algebraic presentation of statistics must be placed in a concrete context to facilitate student understanding, the author presents a pedagogical device involving the construction of miniature numerical examples that illustrate how the statistical model imposes structure on empirical data. (JT)

A general model is described which can be used to represent the four common types of meta-analysis: (1) estimation of effect size by combining study outcomes; (2) estimation of effect size by contrasting study outcomes; (3) estimation of statistical significance by combining study outcomes; and (4) estimation of statistical significance by…