While problem solving as an instructional technique is widely advocated, educators are often challenged in effectively assessing student skill in this area. Students failing to solve a problem might fail in any of several aspects of the effort. The purpose of this research was to validate a scaffolded technique for assessing problem solving in…

Rapid advancements in technology, global competitiveness, and an increasing demand for 21st-century skills, such as problem-solving, underscore the pivotal role teachers play to prepare our youth for an era of exponential change. Those at the forefront of education are challenged to equip students with skills and strategies necessary to think…

Objectives: The Trauma Resilience Scale (TRS), assessing protective factors associated with positive adaptation following violence, was tested in three waves of data collection. Empirical and theoretical literature shaped subscale and item formation emphasizing resilience following physical abuse, sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and/or a…