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Direct linkPietsch, Marcus; Tulowitzki, Pierre – School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2017
This paper investigates the direct and indirect ties between various leadership styles, namely, instructional, transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, and the instructional practices of teachers by applying a structural equation model. For this purpose, we analyzed survey data of n = 3,746 teachers from 126 schools collected…
Descriptors: Leadership Styles, Structural Equation Models, Instructional Leadership, Transformational Leadership
Download full textMapuranga, Raymond; Dorans, Neil J.; Middleton, Kyndra – ETS Research Report Series, 2008
In many practical settings, essentially the same differential item functioning (DIF) procedures have been in use since the late 1980s. Since then, examinee populations have become more heterogeneous, and tests have included more polytomously scored items. This paper summarizes and classifies new DIF methods and procedures that have appeared since…
Descriptors: Test Bias, Educational Development, Evaluation Methods, Statistical Analysis
