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Direct linkPenaloza, Roberto V.; Berends, Mark – Sociological Methods & Research, 2022
To measure "treatment" effects, social science researchers typically rely on nonexperimental data. In education, school and teacher effects on students are often measured through value-added models (VAMs) that are not fully understood. We propose a framework that relates to the education production function in its most flexible form and…
Descriptors: Data, Value Added Models, Error of Measurement, Correlation
