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Walstad, William B.; Wagner, Jamie – Journal of Economic Education, 2016
This study disaggregates posttest, pretest, and value-added or difference scores in economics into four types of economic learning: positive, retained, negative, and zero. The types are derived from patterns of student responses to individual items on a multiple-choice test. The micro and macro data from the "Test of Understanding in College…
Descriptors: Value Added Models, Scores, Economics Education, Economics