This paper seeks to further develop and refine a theory of the ways in which artefacts created by humans direct and deflect the attention of groups and individuals as they act in specific institutional settings. It draws on the writings of Basil Bernstein and Lev Vygotsky. These are two bodies of theory that have strengths which, to some extent,…

The concept of organisational learning has been widely debated and frequently contested by educationalists, but the specific processes and actions which constitute this form of learning have received relatively little research attention. This paper reports a three-year empirical investigation into organisational learning in a large industrial…

Investigation of the influence of schooling on cognitive development and its resulting attitudes toward social change in Pakistan provides insight on national development. Pakistan's rural geography, well developed class system, legacy of colonial rule, and strong family and religious traditions make it a particularly good subject for development…