In the modern era migrations are complex, multi-determined and elude vulgar mechanistic models of causality. Migrations unfold in complex ecologies involving broad features of the state -- borders, demography, economy, and society. Furthermore, historical relationships, cultural affinities, political interests, and the environment itself continue…

Issues in resettlement of women and children, who make up about 80 percent of refugees of concern to the United Nations, are discussed. Bias toward males in the admission of refugees for resettlement demonstrated in data for 1985-91 for the United States, Canada, and Australia may exist elsewhere. (SLD)