A study was made of the effect of various learner and task characteristics on learning from scrambled frames in an instructional program. The independent variables were: sequence (scrambled vs. logical), grade, sequence length, criterion test complexity, sex, IQ, mathematics achievement, and reading comprehension. The dependent variables were:…

Two studies were designed to examine the relationship between moral judgment and role-taking in young children. In Study I, 30 lower class and 30 middle class five-year-olds were presented with affective, cognitive and perceptual role-taking tasks. Task performances were then examined in relation to four dimensions of moral…

This paper discusses research exploring the performance factors involved in studies which test for formal operations. It is suggested that several previous studies dealing with formal operations confound performance and competence in determining the extent of subjects' formal operations schemata. Factors which might account for performance…