Cognitive-communicative intervention with children and adults with head injuries should emphasize such aspects of cognitive functioning as the knowledge base and the executive system. Assessment and intervention should focus on realistic goal setting, planning, self-directing and initiating, self-inhibiting, self-monitoring, self-evaluating,…

Feelings of helplessness can impact on learning to read. This research review illustrates problems in assessing learned helplessness, including instrumentation inadequacies, lack of comprehensive causal schemes, context specificity, etc. Observations of and discussions with the child are recommended in the assessment process. Guidelines for…