This study explores prototypical word associations in EFL learners' mental lexicon to determine how they categorize the words retrieved in response to prompts in a lexical availability task. We compare two groups of Spanish EFL learners: sixty children in the sixth grade of primary education and sixty adolescents in the ten grade of secondary…

Students' psychological well-being (PWB) is vital in foreign language learning, with transformational classroom leadership (TCL) and self-efficacy playing significant roles. However, limited research has explored the role of TCL and self-efficacy in understanding English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' PWB. This study hence aimed to examine…

Background/purpose: The study investigated the potential effects of classroom environment on foreign language learning in the first three grades in Kuwait from teachers' perspectives. Materials/methods: To achieve the study's objectives, an electronic questionnaire was distributed to a sample of EFL teachers in Al-Jahra, Kuwait, during the…

The intersection of learner autonomy and multiliteracy pedagogy in EFL settings remains underexplored. To address this gap, this study investigates how multiliteracy pedagogy fosters learner autonomy in the EFL context. The study involved 24 university students majoring in English, for whom English was primarily a third language. The participants…

Input-based tasks have shown promising outcomes for teaching concrete notions (i.e., vocabulary items and number marking) to beginner students in varied educational contexts, including with second language (L2) adults with little to no schooling experience. However, neither the teaching of more abstract notions nor the learning outcomes generated…

The aim of this review article is to assess the use of Quizlet as a supplementary web 2.0 tool for vocabulary acquisition in English language settings. To our knowledge there is a dearth of research that thoroughly examines the use of Quizlet. To this end, this paper demonstrates the results of a systematic review of the literature regarding…

Public space plays a pivotal role in translating language policy into real-world practice. This study is grounded in empirical data collected through ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviews from the Beijing Subway Line 1, which is typical of the normativity of a public space. The findings indicate that the linguistic landscape (LL)…

The study examined the mediating roles of academic buoyancy and academic emotions in the relationship between classroom social climate (CSC) and student engagement in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning. The study involved 759 Chinese university students and utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation…

As China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its national strength continued to grow, enthusiasm for learning Chinese has been heating up globally. Chinese language education has gradually integrated into the education systems of more countries, becoming a significant focus of attention and study. However, despite the increasing demand…

The optimal amount of first language (L1) and second language (L2) to use in L2 learning has been constantly debated (e.g., Cummins, 2007; Hall & Cook, 2012). This study situated the debate of L1 and L2 use in the context of vocabulary learning from reading by examining the gloss language effect (i.e., L1 vs. L2 glosses). Important factors…

The fluency task, which involves lexical retrieval from a categorical or thematic prompt, has been a crucial paradigm in studies about lexicon in bilingualism and additional languages. Particularly, there has been a very productive cognitive turn towards analytical models based on the exploration of the cognitive processes underlying the mental…

In the United States, numerous world language programs face criticism by being labeled as useless and inferior, resulting in curriculum and funding cuts. Despite defending their practicality, showing how vital skills are acquired through participation in these courses, many programs' efforts often fall short in conveying the essential role of…

Teaching English as a foreign language is a common feature in the curriculum of many countries. In Iran, students formally learn English from Grade Seven but can take private classes much earlier. Iran implemented sweeping reforms in 2013 that banned primary school children from learning English, to protect them from "Western cultural…

This mixed-method study examines Ecuadorian preservice English as a foreign language teachers' cognition regarding pronunciation models and targets, identity, and confidence. Data were gathered through a self-reported, anonymous online questionnaire. Factor analysis and Spearman's correlations were conducted on the quantitative data, and content…

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) provide a vision for contemporary science education with all students, including the fast-growing population of multilingual learners in the United States K-12 context. The shifts heralded by the NGSS have resulted in significant changes to English language proficiency (ELP) or English language…