Gamification-based instruction learning design can enhance students' conceptual knowledge and academic achievement by reversing before-class and in-class activities. This strategy raises the issue of students having to learn independently, especially for self-directed learning (SDL), where students often struggle. To create a flipped classroom for…

It is hypothesized that free, spontaneous interaction cannot be easily attained in language courses which are rigid and mechanical. For this reason, the author urges the development of instructional materials which facilitate a smooth and natural transition from "skill-getting" to "skill-using." Discussion of Jerome Bruner's theory of language…