Given the ubiquity of digital technologies in all sorts of academic contexts, it is generally assumed that many undergraduates' writing tasks will include verbal and visual modes these days. The interweaving of different modes allows students to express different multidisciplinary and individual identities while they become agents and designers of…

Studies on multi-stage writing tasks with adults and children have shown that model texts and task repetition aid language acquisition, especially when learners work in collaboration. However, these studies have not included measures of task motivation, which is vital in young learners (YLs) and could help develop a more comprehensive…

The present study investigates whether learner set up in interaction, namely in pairs or small groups, influences the frequency and outcome of lexical language-related episodes (LREs) and L2 vocabulary learning. Thirty Spanish English as a foreign language (EFL) university learners took part in the study. They worked in four groups and seven pairs…

The present study investigated how noticing is related to composing and subsequent feedback processing in individual and collaborative EFL writing. Participants were Spanish secondary school pupils at a low-intermediate proficiency level who completed a three-stage writing task that included writing a picture-based story (Stage 1), comparing their…