Fossilization is a the term used generally to denote what appears to be a state of permanent failure on the part of a second-language learner to acquire a given feature of the target language. This article reviews different accounts of this phenomenon and offers another account. The implications of this new account of fossilization for…

The results of this study indicate that the degree of pronunciation difficulty of Russian words is a more important factor than function (form class) properties of English response items in facilitating or retarding learning of Russian-English vocabulary pairs. (FWB)

The hypothesis was tested that adults have difficulty learning the pronunciation of a second language because atmospherically conducted vocal feedback is masked by the speaker's bone-conducted feedback. A technique delaying atmospherically conducted feedback until bone-conducted feedback was completed was found to help learners modify German…

Remedies are suggested for difficulties encountered in Latin to English translations by pupils in the fourth and fifth forms of English Grammar schools. Reading skills proficiency is seen as a prerequisite for effective translation, and stave analysis is suggested as a method of solving the problem of gross error in pupils' translations of complex…