This study employs the Specificity Principle to examine the relative impacts of external (input quantity at home and at school, number of books and reading frequency at home, teachers' degree and experience, language usage, socioeconomic status) and internal factors (children's working memory, nonverbal intelligence, learning-related…

This study investigated whether learning a second language (French) affected the social skills and verbal communication abilities of English-speaking kindergarten, first grade, and second grade children. (JMB)