Schools today face the challenge of preparing students to live, work, and prosper in a rapidly changing world. As a response to this global challenge, Norway has adopted a national curriculum focusing on the development of 21st-century skills. In this study, we investigate if and how the tasks in science and language arts textbooks in…

This paper examines the academic task model used in the Managing Academic Tasks study as a potentially useful approach to some enduring problems or themes of research in science education: (1) effects of questioning and presentation strategies; (2) testing; (3) the role of laboratory activities; and (4) curriculum implementation and evaluation.…

This study focused on Robert Gagne's method for curricular development, which consists of structuring a knowledge domain into a learning hierarchy. Two methods of generating learning hierarchies and two different sequencings of these hierarchies were compared and their effects were measured. Four programmed texts were developed from two different…