Unexpected outcomes can reflect noise in the environment or a change in the current rules. We should ignore noise but shift strategy after rule changes. How we learn to do this is unclear, but one possibility is that it relies on learning to learn in uncertain environments. We propose that acquisition of latent task structure during learning to…

Reward has been shown to change behavior as a result of incentive learning (by motivating the individual to increase their effort) and instrumental learning (by increasing the frequency of a particular behavior). However, Palminteri et al. (2011) demonstrated that reward can also improve the incidental learning of a motor skill even when…

Evaluation of two components of transfer--response learning and associative learning--was accomplished by comparing the recall method with the multiple-choice method. (Author/CB)

Results are consistent with the assumption that subjects do not change functional stimuli because of the negative transfer produced by learning different responses to the same nominal stimuli. (Authors/CB)

A study was designed to determine if the results of a previous investigation could be duplicated, and if so, whether the observed effect was independent of content. The results of the earlier study had indicated that shifting from one form or "code" of expression to another inhibits a student's ability to express a concept explaining a physical…

The literature on learning research pertaining to the internal processing operations of the learner was reviewed. The current thinking of learning theorists regarding the nature and importance of these processes in learning and retention is described, and their significance for instructional technology is examined. Verbalization, imagery, and…