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Direct linkSusan Athey; Raj Chetty; Guido Imbens – National Bureau of Economic Research, 2025
Researchers increasingly have access to two types of data: (i) large observational datasets where treatment (e.g., class size) is not randomized but several primary outcomes (e.g., graduation rates) and secondary outcomes (e.g., test scores) are observed and (ii) experimental data in which treatment is randomized but only secondary outcomes are…
Descriptors: Observation, Research Problems, Bias, Data Science
Download full textWright, Wayne E.; Pu, Chang – Education Policy Research Unit, 2005
This report reveals the problems with claims made by Arizona state public education officials that English Language Learners (ELLs) are thriving under English-only instruction. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) and the state's accountability system, Arizona LEARNS, require all students, including ELLs, to participate in statewide…
Descriptors: State Legislation, Educational Legislation, Language of Instruction, Immersion Programs
