Recent studies show cluster randomized trials may be well powered to detect mediation or indirect effects in multilevel settings. However, literature has rarely provided guidance on designing cluster-randomized trials aim to assess indirect effects. In this study, we developed closed-form expression to estimate the variance of and the statistical…

Using an RD design provides statistically robust estimates while allowing researchers a different causal estimation tool to be used in educational environments where an RCT may not be feasible. Results from External Evaluation of the i3 Scale-Up of Reading Recovery show that impact estimates were remarkably similar between a randomized control…