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Hoogerheide, Lennart; Block, Joern H.; Thurik, Roy – Economics of Education Review, 2012
The validity of family background variables instrumenting education in income regressions has been much criticized. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 German Socio-Economic Panel and Bayesian analysis to analyze to what degree violations of the strict validity assumption affect the estimation results. We show that, in case of moderate direct…
Descriptors: Validity, Bayesian Statistics, Family Characteristics, Educational Attainment
Hofer, Sarah I. – International Journal of Science Education, 2015
The existence of gender-STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) stereotypes has been repeatedly documented. This article examines physics teachers' gender bias in grading and the influence of teaching experience in Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. In a 2?×?2 between-subjects design, with years of teaching experience included as…
Descriptors: Gender Bias, Physics, Generalization, Gender Differences

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