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| Academic Achievement | 1 |
| Elementary Education | 1 |
| Grade Repetition | 1 |
| Language Arts | 1 |
| Mathematics Achievement | 1 |
| Meta Analysis | 1 |
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| Journal of Research and… | 1 |
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| Holmes, C. Thomas | 1 |
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Peer reviewedHolmes, C. Thomas – Journal of Research and Development in Education, 1983
Studies comparing the reading, mathematics, and language arts achievement of retained students with the achievement of promoted students are analyzed, using meta-analysis. Overall, research indicates that retained students fall behind the first year of retention and spend the rest of their academic careers in a vain attempt to catch up. (PP)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Elementary Education, Grade Repetition, Language Arts
