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de Groot-Reuvekamp, Marjan; Ros, Anje; van Boxtel, Carla; Oort, Frans – Education 3-13, 2017
This study focuses on the development of the understanding of historical time of pupils in primary school. We present a developmental model with three stages: "emergent," "initial" and "continued" understanding of historical time. Based on this model, we constructed an instrument to measure how pupils aged 6-12…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Instructional Program Divisions, Gender Differences, Age Differences
Naah, Basil M. – ProQuest LLC, 2012
Students who harbor misconceptions often find chemistry difficult to understand. To improve teaching about the dissolving process, first semester introductory chemistry students were asked to complete a free-response questionnaire on writing balanced equations for dissolving ionic compounds in water. To corroborate errors and misconceptions…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Chemistry, Equations (Mathematics), Misconceptions
Tsagari, Constance – 1994
This study investigated and compared the effects of two test formats (free response and multiple choice) on English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) learners' reading comprehension. The tests, together with a checklist of test-taking strategies and retrospective questionnaires concerning more general reading strategies, were administered to 57 ESL…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, English (Second Language), Foreign Countries, Language Processing

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