ERIC Number: EJ1468776
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025
Pages: 19
Abstractor: As Provided
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ISSN: N/A
EISSN: EISSN-1555-5062
Available Date: 0000-00-00
The Kingdon-Khan Model: Acknowledging the Role of Media, Public Opinion, and Social Movements in Agenda-Setting
International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, v21 n1 2025
This article proposes the Kingdon-Khan Model (KKM) as an extension of John Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model (MSM) of agenda setting. While the MSM is comprehensively used to explain how issues reach policymakers' agendas, it underrepresents the influence of media, public opinion, and social movements on agenda setting. To address this limitation, the KKM introduces a fourth "social stream" encompassing these interrelated societal forces. Drawing on empirical research on media, public opinion, social movements, and public policy, the authors conceptualize components of social stream and its interactions with the problem, policy, and political streams. The authors illustrate the KKM's utility through examples of the Black Lives Matter and Pro-Palestinian movements. The KKM enhances the MSM's explanatory power by accounting for the complex, multidirectional forces influencing contemporary agenda setting.
Descriptors: Models, Agenda Setting, Mass Media, Public Opinion, Social Change, Activism, Influences, Public Policy, Political Influences
PDK International, Faculty of Education at Simon Fraser University, and College of Education and Human Development at George Mason University. Web site: http://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
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Author Affiliations: N/A