Recent studies suggest that making judgments of learning (JOLs)--self-assessment of current learning status--may not merely be a neutral cognitive process, but can directly improve learning through what is called 'JOL reactivity'. This study investigated whether making JOLs can facilitate the learning of previously studied materials (backward…

The need to identify methods to support self-regulated learning has raised the interest of researchers in recent years. Cognitive prompts are considered very promising instructional tools for developing self-regulatory abilities. The present study aims to investigate the usefulness of several types of cognitive prompts in activating learning…

Background: Feedback as one of the most influential factors for learning has been subject to a great body of research. It plays a key role in the development of educational technology systems and is traditionally rooted in deterministic feedback defined by experts and their experience. However, with the rise of generative AI and especially large…

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) incorporate pedagogical agents (PAs) to scaffold learners' self-regulated learning (SRL) via prompts and feedback to promote learners' monitoring and regulation of their cognitive, affective, metacognitive and motivational processes to achieve their (sub)goals. This study examines PAs' effectiveness in…

Self-explanation prompts in example-based learning are usually directed backwards: Learners are required to self-explain problem-solving steps just presented ("retrospective" prompts). However, it might also help to self-explain upcoming steps ("anticipatory" prompts). The effects of the prompt type may differ for learners with…

As artificial intelligence and natural language processing methods rapidly develop, communication plays a pivotal role in every-day interactions. In this theoretical paper, we explore the overlap and commonalities between question-asking and prompt engineering. While seemingly distinct, these processes share a common foundation in essential skills…

We report the results of a preregistered classroom experiment (https://aspredicted.org/x25h-d427.pdf) investigating the immediate and long-term effects of interleaved practice for learning spelling rules among German third graders (N = 147). The study also investigated whether instructional guidance--comprising prompts and explanations that…

In learning journals, prompts were shown to increase self-regulated learning processes effectively. As studies on effects of long-term prompting are sparse, this study investigates the effects of prompting cognitive and metacognitive self-regulation strategies short-term and long-term in learning journals on learners' strategy use, self-efficacy,…

Peer feedback is regarded as playing a vital role in fostering preservice teachers' noticing and reasoning skills during technology integration. However, novices in particular (e.g., pre-service teachers) tend to provide rather superficial feedback, which does not necessarily contribute to professional development. Against this background, we…

Previous studies have shown that encouraging students to use self-explanation strategies has proven effective in text-focused learning contexts. However, no study to date has focused on how students' strategy preference moderates the effect of self-explanation strategies on learning from video lectures. The current study investigated how students'…

Studies have shown that informing language learners about the literal underpinning of idioms can help them to remember these expressions. It has also been suggested that prompting learners to guess the meaning of lexical items may be beneficial because it can pique their curiosity and promote cognitive engagement. In the case of idioms, the…

Self-regulated learning (SRL), learners' monitoring and control of cognitive, affective, metacognitive, and motivational processes, is essential for learning. However, cognitive and metacognitive SRL strategies are not typically used accurately leading to poor learning outcomes. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) attempt to address this issue by…

This systematic literature review examined the research on prior knowledge and its activation to ascertain how these terms are defined, what specific techniques have been empirically investigated, and the conditions under which prior knowledge activation facilitated students' comprehension. Fifty-four articles met the inclusion criteria and…

Asynchronous online learning has grown in popularity due to its flexibility in providing higher education access to learners regardless of distance, transportation, and scheduling constraints. However, for successful online learning, students must adapt and intensify the self-regulated learning (SRL) skills they developed in face-to-face settings…

Our aim in the current study was to examine how different diary methods might impact the results of involuntary memory studies. We compared three different commonly used diary methods, record all memories experienced per day, record up to two memories per day, or record only the first two per day. Results showed that the record-all group had the…