The inability to navigate independently and interact with the wider world is one of the most significant handicaps that can be caused by blindness, second only to the inability to communicate through reading and writing. Many difficulties are encountered when visually impaired people (VIP) need to visit new and unknown places. Current speech or…

This article presents two experiments examining the effects of external focus of attention on motor performance and learning. Two main findings resulted from the present studies. First, directing learners' attention to the movement effect (external focus) can enhance learning complex, real-life skills. In contrast, wording instructions in a way…