A discussion of recent changes in Norwegian graduate study and the role and attitudes of students within the system finds problems similar to other countries' in: program length and student financing, industry-academic salary differences, estimating demand for graduate degrees, the objectives of the training, and increasing women's participation.…

A discussion of reforms in Swedish graduate study since 1969 and their results focuses on the design of a standard 4-year program, the career prospects of degree recipients, student financing, the working environment for graduate students, and curriculum relevance. (MSE)