In this paper the theory that human thinking proceeds according to the computer model, or symbol manipulation, is reviewed and challenged. The research used as subjects five highly rated tournament chess players who "thought aloud" during a chess game to provide tape recorded protocols of decisions made while playing. These protocols…

This paper presents evidence to indicate that spontaneously generated analogies can play a significant role in the problem solving process of scientifically trained individuals. In addition, it is suggested that these individuals exhibit more than one method for generating analogies. Ten scientists (representing physics, mathematics, and computer…

This paper explores the fault-tree analysis approach to isolating failure modes within a system. Fault tree investigates potentially undesirable events and then looks for failures in sequence that would lead to their occurring. Relationships among these events are symbolized by AND or OR logic gates, AND used when single events must coexist to…

Expert reasoning in the natural sciences appears to make extensive use of a relatively small number of general principles and reasoning strategies, each associated with a larger number of more specific inference patterns. Using a dual declarative hierarchy to represent strategic and factual knowledge, a framework for a robust scientific reasoning…

The mathematical experiences of elementary students often focus on memorizing facts and rules as opposed to making sense of the subject and developing problem solving skills. Students spend large amounts of time processing, memorizing and sorting collections of data which are tasks well performed by computer technology. To correct this situation,…

Designed to offer direction for classroom teachers and administrators in the development of an exploratory computer literacy program for grades 9-12, this resource unit comprises four major sections, four appendices, and two resource lists. The introductory section provides information on the history of Hawaii's computer literacy program; cites…

Limitations of the retrieval strategy dimension of Siegler's (1982, 1984) distributions-of-associations model of young children's estimation of sums are delineated, an alternative model is described, and findings of two studies designed to test key assumptions of the models are reported. In Study 1, kindergarten children with normal IQ and no…

Processes that integrate the logical and participative dimensions of group decision making and problem solving are increasingly important to those responsible for the organizational development of educational systems. This paper describes a model (The Optimal Combination of Processes for Creative Problem Solving) that was designed to deal with a…

This paper focuses on the dilemma of job immobility for the married professional woman who, by subordinating mobility to her marriage, faces a problem of professional growth within the constraints of a fixed location. Solutions to this problem are suggested, using an immobile married female psychologist as an example. An adaptation of the "Twenty…

This document describes how to teach a computer to add numbers using the LOGO programing language. The programing project is described in the way a student might develop it. The model of developing the program uses humans as an anthropomorphic model for the computer, and the computer as a model for people. The document has an unorthodox style, as…

This document presents six chapters on four-dimensional geometry, whose titles are: (1) A Brief History; (2) What Is Four-Dimensional Geometry?; (3) Selected Drawings and Models; (4) How to Study the Configurations; (5) Selected Topics; and (6) Applications. The text, suitable for students in advanced levels of secondary school mathematics,…

The Pennsylvania School Improvement Program (PSIP) was initiated to develop and demonstrate curriculum improvement strategies in basic skills areas at the local school level in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Education and several research and development agencies. The PSIP process is a problem-solving method with five major steps:…

Skills tutorials for first year engineering students at the University of New South Wales, Australia, were introduced in order to develop an awareness of certain conceptual skills commonly exercised by practicing engineers. Particular skills include the manipulation of information in different forms, translation from one form to another,…

This study, based on the analysis of extensive interview data using concepts and models drawn from cognitive studies of human behavior and from artificial intelligence studies of computer information processing, highlights several information-processing differences between strong and weak students. Data were collected from 300 students in grades 3…

Standards for the accreditation of training programs in school psychology have been developed by several organizations including the American Psychological Association which provides accreditation criteria for professional psychology programs, the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) which develops criteria generic to…